Oral cancer, also known as mouth cancer, can develop in various parts of the mouth, including the lips, tongue, cheeks, gums, and the roof or floor of the mouth. According to the American Cancer Society, early detection of oral cancer greatly improves the chances of successful treatment. Unfortunately, the initial symptoms are often subtle and easy to miss, so awareness is essential for early intervention.

This article highlights key early signs of oral cancer, based on trusted medical sources, to help you recognize when it might be time to see a healthcare professional.

1. Persistent Sores That Don’t Heal
A sore in the mouth that does not heal within two weeks is one of the most common early signs of oral cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, these sores may appear on the lips, gums, or the inner lining of the mouth. They might not be painful at first, but they should not be ignored, especially if they last without a clear cause.
What to do: Any sore lasting longer than two weeks without signs of healing should be checked by a dentist or doctor.

2. White or Red Patches Inside the Mouth
Color changes in the soft tissues of the mouth can indicate abnormal cell growth. These include:

Leukoplakia: White patches that cannot be wiped away. Mayo Clinic states these may develop from chronic irritation and can sometimes progress to cancer.

Erythroplakia: Red, velvety patches that are more concerning, as they are often more likely to contain precancerous or cancerous cells.

Mixed lesions: Areas showing a combination of red and white patches.
What to do: If you notice persistent or spreading discolored patches in your mouth, schedule a professional evaluation.

3. Unexplained Bleeding in the Mouth
Bleeding not caused by injury or brushing could indicate a serious problem. While occasional gum bleeding can happen due to poor oral hygiene or gum disease, frequent or unexplained bleeding needs medical attention.
What to do: If bleeding recurs without obvious cause, consult your dentist or doctor.

4. Lumps, Thickened Areas, or Rough Patches
The CDC advises that lumps or thickened areas in any part of the mouth, tongue, or throat should be taken seriously. These may be painless initially but can grow. Rough or uneven patches on the gums, cheeks, or under the tongue can also signal abnormal tissue growth.
What to do: Any new bumps or texture changes in your mouth should be examined by a healthcare professional.

5. Numbness or Pain in the Mouth or Lips
Persistent numbness, tingling, or pain without clear cause can suggest nerve changes due to a growing lesion. The American Dental Association emphasizes that sensory changes in the lips, tongue, or chin should not be ignored, especially if ongoing.
What to do: If you experience ongoing loss of sensation or discomfort in your mouth or face, seek medical advice.

6. Difficulty Chewing or Swallowing
Pain or discomfort while eating, or a sensation of something stuck in the throat, may indicate lesions affecting the throat or esophagus. Problems moving the jaw or tongue can also signal underlying issues. According to the World Health Organization, early head and neck cancers—including oral cancer—can present with difficulty swallowing or speaking.
What to do: If chewing, swallowing, or jaw movement becomes painful or difficult, consult a healthcare provider.